#BONE STIMULATOR MANUAL#

Acceleration of the calcification process, with fibrocartilage replaced by fibrous bone and revascularization at the fracture site (approximately 8 weeks post injury) and.Calcification of the fibrocartilage and bridging of the fracture gap (approximately 4 weeks post injury).The osteoblastic migratory stage and the beginnings of the viscoelastic bridge (approximately 2 weeks post injury).Inflammation/hematoma, where callus formation occurs within days of injury.Normal bone healing consists primarily of five stages and is dependent on mechanical factors, biological factors, and bioelectric factors. Although the quantity of these two types of tissue differs dependent on the specific bone identified, and the structural composition of these two tissue types differs, the basic cellular structure of both is the same. Cortical bone is described as dense, compact bone, while cancellous bone is described as spongy, porous-like bone typically found at the distal and proximal ends of long bones. Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, malar, superior and inferior maxillary, palate, inferior turbinated, hyoidīone is comprised of two particular types of tissue, compact (cortical bone) and cancellous (cancellous or trabecular bone). Occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lachrymal, vomer, scapula, os innominatum, sternum, ribs, patella The primary bones belonging to these classes are listed below:Ĭlavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpal and metatarsal Typically, bones have been classified into four major areas. The appendicular skeleton consists of the shoulder girdle and bones of the upper extremity and the pelvis and bones of the lower extremity. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the thorax.

The skeletal system is divided into two major subdivisions, the axial and the appendicular skeletons. Physiology of Bone Healing and Fracture Nonunionĭescribed as the body’s 'living framework,' the human skeleton - comprised of 206 bones -provides protection for the vital organs, allows adequate movement against the forces of gravity, stores minerals and salts necessary for vital function, and produces red blood cells necessary for cellular oxygenation.

#BONE STIMULATOR MANUAL#

This memo serves four purposes: (1) outlines the description of bone physiology and fracture nonunion (2) reviews the history of Medicare’s coverage policies on electrical stimulation for fracture healing (3) analyzes the relevant scientific data related to electrical stimulation for fracture healing (4) delineates the reasons supporting a revision of Coverage Issues Manual section 35-48 to change the time frame definition of nonunion. Subject: National Coverage Policy Revision Electrical Stimulation for Fracture Healing

Bone stimulator